Measurement of HO2 and other trace gases in the stratosphere using a high resolution far-infrared spectrometer at 28 KM

The major events and results to date of the ongoing program of measuring stratospheric composition by the technique of far-infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy from a balloon-borne platform are reviewed. The highlights of this period were the two balloon flight campaigns which were performed at Palestine, Texas, both of which produced large amounts of scientifically useful data

Measurement of H2O and other trace gases in the stratosphere using a high resolution far-infrared spectrometer at 28 km

Data analysis results from the 1983 BIC 1 and 2 balloon flights are presented, with emphasis on H2O2, OH, HCL, O3, O2, and H2O. A 2 sigma limit on H2O2 abundance was set, as a function of altitude. This is comparable to or less than the theoretically predicted winter abundances from the 2-D models of Dupont, with a large enough summer maximum to facilitate concentration profile measurements. There is a definite drop in OH concentration from day to night following two model profiles. There was general agreement between HF measurements. The dominant role of the far wings of H2O lines in low altitude spectra was recognized. The strength of these wings exceeds that of many molecular line cores, including O3 and O2, especially near the long wavelength end of the spectra (100 cm (-1)). Newly measured positions for O3 and H2O were obtained

Measurement of H2O and other trace gases in the stratosphere using a high resolution far-infrared spectrometer at 28 KM

The highlights of the stratospheric program were reviewed for the past 2.5 years. The major efforts were analysis of the data from the BIC-2 campaign, and the building or new instrumentation to replace that lost at the end of BIC-2. For clarity, the review will be done by topic, rather than chronologically: construction of the initial far-infrared spectrometer, balloon slight program, laboratory measurement, data analysis, and duplicate stabilized platform

Decay ring status / studies

The aim of "beta-beams" is to produce highly energetic pure electron neutrino and anti-neutrino beams coming from β-decay of radioactive ions. In CERN baseline, after accelerating, the ions 6He2+ and 18Ne10+ are stored in a racetrack-shaped-decay ring until they are lost [1]. Consequently, the injection compensates the losses which occurred between two cycles. Two main loss sources were identified: the β decay and the injection scheme. After giving the optics, we will see how to protect the magnetic elements from the decay products. The injections scheme will be then detailed with its implications. We will see that the injection process makes a collimation section in energy necessary. Since the magnetic elements are not perfect, we will take into account the magnet misalignment and the multipole defects in the dipoles. We will talk then about the closed orbit distortion due to misalignment defects and about the long-term transverse stability with the dynamic aperture

Ecologically sensitive wetland sites: an investigation of land use attitudes and development trends with educational objectives

Acid bogs, one of the rare plant communities, are on the brink of extinction in the southeastern United States. This study uncovers what issues are at stake in land use, land development, and regulations of two specific areas in south Louisiana that contain this type of wetland. This is an educational project oriented toward development of methods and information related to planning and design for the use of wetland sites while still protecting them. A hypothesis is presented that a combination of education with land use guidelines, helpful resources and regulatory incentives may help slow the eradication of bogs in the southern United States and increase the awareness of the importance of these small isolated wetlands. Although small in size, acid bogs function in important ways to help society and surrounding natural ecosystems. Land use practices and attitudes towards building on sensitive inland wetland sites were investigated to discover what role developers and homeowners play in their destruction. Case studies of several Louisiana home sites found homeowner awareness of the wetland, but not of its value and consequently little effort being put into acid bog preservation. Property rights issues, plus the complete lack of market value recognition for the benefits of small inland wetland sites, were found to be at the root of the conservation problem. Likewise, a survey of developers in south Louisiana uncovered a disinterest in plant community preservation. Results point towards attitudes that seem to be governed by short-term monetary gain from wetland land use. Outdated development practices (draining and filling) in sensitive sites contribute heavily to acid bog destruction. More importantly, wetlands are being destroyed due to a slow and confusing regulatory process as the regulations for them are being followed. Guidelines and helpful resources are presented in order to lower development costs and facilitate acid bog conservation on individual sites. Moreover, findings indicate that an area wide effort is needed due to the unique connections that acid bogs have with underground water systems. Not only can improved design opportunities and higher property values be enjoyed through acid bog conservation, but cleaner and more available water for communities can also be achieved by developing properties in such a way as to protect the unique acid bog habitat

Investigation of the Adjustment of the Eskimos at Barter Island, Alaska to Rapid Cultural Changes

The main objective of the field work carried out in March-April 1960 was the testing of a method that will make possible a relatively quick survey of the physical and mental health in an Eskimo community like that on Barter Island. After discussions with health survey specialists at the Harvard School of Public Health, the Cornell Medical Index Questionnaire (CMI) was chosen as the main instrument to be tried out in the field. The CMI contains 195 questions and was originally devised to collect a large body of medical and psychiatric data from American patients in a minimal amount of time. Revision of the questionnaire, necessary to meet the educational and cultural differences present in the village, was accomplished in consultation with various public and mental health specialists familiar with Eskimo concepts of health and disease. Following a preliminary test at Barrow, the final form of the CMI was administered to the Barter Island Eskimos by three specially trained native interviewers. A 91 per cent sample of all adults over the age of seventeen (n=51) was obtained. The results were then briefly compared with some of the medical records of the sample population at the native hospital at Barrow. While it is hoped that a much more thorough comparative analysis can be made during the summer of 1961, the preliminary findings suggest that the questionnaire can be used profitably in a non-western cultural setting. In the relatively few instances in which individual responses indicate a strong cultural bias, anthropological knowledge can be used to interpret the results correctly. For example, questions about difficulties in making decisions (as an index of "inadequacy") were answered positively by a large majority of Eskimo women. In view of the passive role played by women in this society, a resolute woman should be considered deviant rather than adequate. Further analysis of the questionnaire should contribute additional knowledge to the whole area of cross-cultural health testing. The general anthropological investigation of the effects of rapid change on the Eskimos of Barter Island was also continued. The health survey and the main anthropological study are closely interrelated, the degree of physical and mental health serving as one important index of the overall process of adjustment

Commentary: Sustainable Utilization Of The Arctic's Natural Resources

... The most common rationale underlying present-day approaches to sustainable development is the perceived need to balance economic growth with protection of the environment. Its appeal for industrial enterprise is obvious: capital accumulation requires continual growth. For governments, sustainable economic growth is equally attractive. In addition to providing an obvious bulwark for the maintenance of national power, it also reduces the pressure to reallocate national income to combat social deprivation. As expressed by the economist Herman Daly: "It offers the prospect of more for all with sacrifice for none." Given these and similar attractions, it is hardly surprising that balanced sustainable development has been actively endorsed by international organizations, including those in Canada, the United States, Scandinavia, and Russia; and regional, national, and multinational energy corporations. On the other hand, critics of the balanced view of sustainable development sharply challenge the idea that this process must always be equated with economic growth. ... Another more culturally oriented approach to the sustainable utilization of the Arctic's natural resources can be found in the efforts of northern indigenous organizations such as the Inuit Circumpolar Conference. ... This latter emphasis on the spiritual, social, and cultural interjects a new human ecological perspective to environmental issues often lacking in other approaches associated with sustainability. Underlying each of these approaches to sustainable natural resource development in the Arctic are questions of political power, global economy, and social equity

Stacking simulations in the beta-beam decay ring

The so-called beta-beam concept for accelerator-driven neutrino experiments envisages the production of a pure beam of electron neutrinos (or their antiparticles) through the beta-decay of radioactive ions circulating in a highenergy storage ring. An unprecedented number of ions must be collected in the decay ring and maintained in a few short bunches. Stacking is unavoidable to match the available source rates with this demand. A new stacking method makes use of off-momentum injection into the decay ring to approach the circulating beam without requiring ultra-fast injection elements, rotation in the longitudinal plane to bring the fresh bunches onto the central orbit and asymmetric merging to transport these ions into the centre of the large stack. Simulation results are presented for the repetitive stacking process for two candidate ion species of significantly different charge-tomass ratio